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This paper considers the potential variables that have determined economic growth in The Gambia during 1964–98. The results indicate that The Gambia’s aggregate production function exhibits increasing returns to scale, thus supporting the endogenous growth-type model. The impact of private investment—and thus private capital accumulation—on output is large and significant. Furthermore, increases in public investment boost output substantially. Finally, the effects associated with human capital accumulation are positive and statistically significant. The paper also estimates a series on total factor productivity growth that indicates that The Gambia was able to use its resources more efficiently.

Investments: General --- Investments: Stocks --- Labor --- Production and Operations Management --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- Economywide Country Studies: Africa --- Time-Series Models --- Dynamic Quantile Regressions --- Dynamic Treatment Effect Models --- Diffusion Processes --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Macroeconomics --- Labour --- income economics --- Investment & securities --- Private investment --- Capital accumulation --- Human capital --- Stocks --- Total factor productivity --- National accounts --- Financial institutions --- Saving and investment --- Industrial productivity --- Gambia, The

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In the past decades, much work has been geared toward solving the problem of time inconsistency in monetary policy and analyzing the coordination problem between fiscal and monetary policy. This paper provides a review of the theoretical background to these theories, while also focusing on their inherent problems. It concludes that while the literature makes a strong case for central bank independence, more work should be done in the area of determining the desirable degree of independence with a view to the interplay between fiscal and monetary policy.

Banks and Banking --- Inflation --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Monetary Policy --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Fiscal Policy --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Public finance & taxation --- Inflation targeting --- Fiscal policy --- Public debt --- Prices --- Monetary policy --- Expenditure --- Banks and banking --- Debts, Public --- Expenditures, Public --- New Zealand

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International finance --- NATO --- European Union --- Baltic Area --- Fiscal policy --- North Atlantic Treaty Organization --- Economische landenstudies: Baltische Staten. --- Fiscaal beleid: Baltische Staten. --- 33 economie --- (474.2) Estland --- (474.3) Letland --- (474.5) Litouwen --- (4-67EU) EU --- 336.2 <474> --- 339.92 --- 339.732 --- -Fiscal policy --- -politique fiscale --- lettonie --- estonie --- lituanie --- pays de l'est --- union europeenne --- otan --- -European Union --- -336.309479 --- 330.05 --- 339.732 Ida. Ibrd. Bird. Ifc. Imf. Speciale trekkingsrechten. Bank voor internationale betalingen. Internationaal monetair systeem --- 339.732 Internationale banken. Wereldbank. Ontwikkelingsbank. Investeringsbank. Comecom, samenwerkingsbank. Europees monetair fonds. Europees ontwikkelingsfonds. Europese investeringsbank. Europese monetaire --- Ida. Ibrd. Bird. Ifc. Imf. Speciale trekkingsrechten. Bank voor internationale betalingen. Internationaal monetair systeem --- Internationale banken. Wereldbank. Ontwikkelingsbank. Investeringsbank. Comecom, samenwerkingsbank. Europees monetair fonds. Europees ontwikkelingsfonds. Europese investeringsbank. Europese monetaire --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- 339.92 Economische samenwerking en integratie. Tolunie--EU --- Economische samenwerking en integratie. Tolunie--EU --- 336.2 <474> Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief--Baltische Republieken --- 336.2 <474> Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen--Baltische Republieken --- Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief--Baltische Republieken --- Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen--Baltische Republieken --- fiscaal beleid --- letland --- estland --- litauen --- oost-europese landen --- europese unie --- navo --- Membership --- -Government policy --- Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte --- Organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ severoatlanticheskogo dogovora --- Orhanizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ pivnichnoatlantychnoho dohovoru --- Organisation Traité Atlantique Nord --- Severoatlanticheskiĭ blok --- Noord Atlantische Verdrags-Organisatie --- Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique-Nord --- Organismos Boreioatlantikou Symphōnou --- Atlantic Alliance --- North Atlantic Treaty Organisation --- Organizzazione del Trattato dell'Atlantico del Nord --- Északatlanti Szövetség --- Atlantisch Bondgenootschap --- Noord-Atlantisch Bondgenootschap --- Atlanshafsbandalagið --- N.A.T.O. (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) --- NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) --- OTAN (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) --- N.A.V.O. (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) --- NAVO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) --- Kuzey Atlantik Andlaşması Örgütü --- O.T.A.N. (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) --- Organizacja Paktu Północnoatlantyckiego --- Nordatlantisches Bündnis --- Atlantisches Bündnis --- Organisation des Nordatlantikvertrages --- Atlantische Allianz --- North Atlantic Alliance --- Alliance de l'atlantique nord --- Organizacja Traktatu Północnoatlantyckiego --- Patto atlantico --- Ḥilf Shamāl al-Aṭlanṭī --- Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte --- Ḥilf al-Aṭlasī --- Alleanza atlantica --- Pohjois-Atlantin liitto --- North Atlantic treaty organisation --- NAVO --- OTAN --- -33 economie --- Nātū --- Sāzmān-i Paymān-i Ātlāntīk-i Shimālī --- سازمان پىمان آتلانتىک شمالى --- 336.309479 --- politique fiscale --- Government policy --- E.U. --- Fiscal policy - Baltic States --- European Union - Baltic States

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Low-income countries continue to face significant challenges in meeting their vast development needs while maintaining a sustainable debt position, even after many of these countries have benefited from substantial debt relief. These challenges are further exacerbated by changes in the financial landscape, including the emergence of new creditors and investors, the use of more complex financing vehicles, and the development of domestic markets. The joint World Bank/IMF debt sustainability framework is well placed to help address these challenges and reduce the risks of renewed episodes of debt distress. This paper explains the analytical underpinnings of the framework and the means to ensure its full effectiveness.--Publisher's description.

Debts, External --- Economic development --- Developing countries --- Economic policy --- Developing Countries --- developpement economique --- economisch beleid --- pays en voie de developpement --- -Economic development --- -330.05 --- 336.3435 --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Debts, Foreign --- Debts, International --- External debts --- Foreign debts --- International debts --- Debt --- International finance --- Investments, Foreign --- Economic policy. --- economische ontwikkeling --- politique economique --- ontwikkelingslanden --- 330.05 --- Debts, External - Developing countries --- Economic development - Developing countries --- Developing countries - Economic policy

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Economic policy and planning (general) --- International finance --- Developing countries